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Second Reconstruction
Second Reconstruction is a term, coined by historian C. Vann Woodward, that refers to the American Civil Rights Movement.
During the Second Reconstruction, African-Americans once again began holding various political offices, and reasserting and reclaiming their civil and political rights as American citizens. Unlike the first period of Reconstruction most African-Americans abandoned the Republican Party for the Democratic Party. A noteworthy feature of Second Reconstruction was the political realignment that occurred in 1965, which transformed the nature and composition of both the Republican and Democratic Parties, eroding the Democratic Solid South.
==Post-World War II Civil Rights==
Improving the status of blacks during the Second Reconstruction was a movement fostered by multiple facets of public life, including solidarity among the black population and the positive response of institutions for more progressive policies.〔Turner, John B., and Whitney M. Young Jr. “Who has the Revolution or Thoughts on the Second Reconstruction.” Daedalus 94.4, The Negro American (1965): 1148-63. Web.〕 The Second Reconstruction also marked an increased focus on the spiritual, which has been referred to as “the Negro community within American Protestantism.” Religious practices, black churches, and the formation of congregations from an anthropological perspective all became subjects of academic scholarship.〔Wood, Peter H. “‘I Did the Best I Could for My Day’: The Study of Early Black History during the Second Reconstruction, 1960 to 1976.” The William and Mary Quarterly 35.2 (1978): 185-225. Web.〕
Traditional feelings of race began to dissipate after World War II among the generation which participated in the fight against Nazis and fascism.〔Carleton, William G. “The Second Reconstruction: An Analysis from the Deep South.” The Antioch Review 18.2 (1958): 171-82. Web.〕 Roosevelt’s Executive Order 8802 had created a Fair Employment Practices Commission and prohibited racial discrimination in companies and unions related to national defense.〔Sitkoff, Harvard. “The Second Reconstruction.” The Wilson Quarterly (1976-) 8.2 (1984): 48-59. Web.〕 The result was a pervasive presence of blacks in government: the number of black federal employees increased from 50,000 to 200,000 between 1933 and 1946, building upon the substantial black presence during World War II, in which over three million black men registered for the service.〔Marable, Manning. Race, Reform, and Rebellion: The Second Reconstruction and Beyond in Black America, 1945-2006., 2007. Print.〕 During the war, membership in the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People increased sevenfold to 351,000 members.〔 In addition, 12 percent of all voting-age blacks in the South were registered by 1947, a 10 percent increase from the 2 percent in 1940. During 1937 to 1938, there were 10 bills introduced in Congress focused on or related to civil rights; that increased to 72 bills by 1949 to 1950. Additionally, 83,000 black women and men between the ages of 18 to 24 were enrolled in universities by 1950, constituting 4.5 percent of their demographic. Similarly, there were many gains in job equality, as the “median income of nonwhite wage- and salary-earners had risen from 41 percent of the white median in 1939 to 60 percent in 1950; the percentage of male black workers in white-collar and professional jobs had risen from 5.6 in 1940 to 7.2 in 1950, and that of craftsmen and operatives from 16.6 percent of the total in 1940 to 28.8 percent in 1950.”〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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